![]() Melodic minor also includes a descending form of the scale in which the scale reverts to natural minor. The natural minor scale uses only the accidentals found in that scale’s key signature, while both the harmonic and melodic minor scales use accidentals not found in the key signature. There are three forms of the minor scale: natural minor, harmonic minor, and melodic minor. Enharmonic notes can share black keys or white keys, such as the notes Câ and Bâ®. Enharmonic notes sound the same because they are the same pitch. Some notes on the piano have two names, for example C⯠and Dâ. Below is a graphic that shows how all key signatures should be written in the four most common clefs. In modern publications, key signatures appear in a certain way. This order of flats and sharps is as follows:įor example, if a key signature has two flats, they will be Bâ and Eâ, and if a key signature has three sharps, they will be Fâ¯, Câ¯, and Gâ¯. While it is important to understand and be able to apply the pattern of half steps and whole steps in creating major scales, it is also essential to memorize all the key signatures for the major and minor scales.įlats and sharps appear in key signatures in a predictable manner. Key signatures are derived from the accidentals required to make a scale on a given note and are named after the tonic of the scale. Scales are always named for the tonic note. Ââ (double flat) – lowers a white key pitch by a whole step X (double sharp) – raises a white key pitch by a whole step ® (natural) – cancels an accidental (refers to white keys on the piano)  (flat) – lowers a white key pitch by a half step ¯ (sharp) – raises a white key pitch by a half step To construct major scales on other tonics we need to use accidentals. A number with a caret (^) above it is a short way of writing scale degrees. The following are the scale degree names in major keys. A whole step or whole tone is simply two half steps. This pattern is most commonly a white key to a black key, but the white key notes E to F and B to C are also half-steps. Any two piano keys that are next to one another are a half step apart. An interval is the distance between two notes. The half step or semitone is the smallest interval in tonal music. Since much of the music we listen to and teach is from this period, we will begin by discussing the major and minor scales. Western music from about 1600-1900, which is called the Common Practice Period, primarily uses major and minor scales. Scales are successions of pitches arranged in half steps and whole steps. This is the note C4 or middle C in the treble, alto, tenor, and bass clefs. Tenor clef is commonly used by bass clef instruments when playing in their highest registers. The concept can also be illustrated on the piano keyboard. A pitch class includes all the notes with the same name – for example pitch class C. ![]() All the pitches from a given C up to, but not including the next C, are in the same octave register. We say “C4” rather than just “C” when we want to identify middle C. Octave register designations allow us to name a specific pitch. Ledger lines are used to extend the range above and below the staff. The grand staff consists of two staves joined by a brace. The treble clef is normally used for higher pitches, and the bass clef is normally used for lower pitches. Pitches are named after the first seven letters of the alphabet, also called the musical alphabet, and are notated on a staff. Pitch refers to how high or low a note sounds.
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